Art and Antiques Travel Guide for Buenos Aires and all Argentina
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Antique Furniture
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Bobo
Brazil
Buby, Die Cast, Argentina
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Calendar 2006
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Chile
Classic Art Argentina
Claudio Giannini
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Contact us & Suscription
Counter
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Dakar Rally 2011
Daniel Perez Acosta
Design
Die Cast 1/87
Erotic Art
Faena Hotel And Universe
Farms in Argentina
Fashion & Leasure
Fashion Research
Father Christmas
Fishing in Argentina
Flea Markets
Flying & Airplanes
Food & Wine in Argentina
Francisco Adaro
Gallery Nights BA
Garbage Pail Kids
Glass made in Argentina
Goldvarg Collection
Golf in Argentina
Guns & Weapons
Helmut Ditsch
Horse Drawn Wagons
Horvath G.A.
How to Buy Real Estate
Insulators
Janos Viski
Jazz
Jenny Fortune
Jorge Luis Garay
Jorge Preloran
Juegos Eran los de Antes
Juguetes Alquiler
Lamardeluz
Leopoldo Torres Aguero
Liberato Spisso
Life on Line
Lighthouse Documentary
Lighthouse Tour
Lighthouses & Shipwrecks
Lomograpy Art
Lonely Planet
Maria Eugenia Villaseca
Marino Persico
Martin Di Girolamo
Martin Garcia Island
Miller & Hillyer
Monique Rozanes
Motorcycle
Motorcycle Argentina
Muky, Die Cast, Argentina
Museum Gallery
Music
Native & Exotic Trees
Native Art
Neon Lights
Old Cars of Argentina
Paparella, Aldo
People and Communities
Personal Shopper Tour
Quintanilla, Alberto
Rally Classic Car Tour
Real Estate Argentina
Religions Tours
Religious Art
Restaurant
Route 40 Tour
Royal Road
Rules & Regulations ar
San Telmo
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Simone Gentile
Steam Tractors
Street Shows
Susana Gimenez
Sushi in Buenos Aires
Tango Tours
Tigre & Delta
Tips for Buenos Aires
Toy Museum, Action Figure
Toy Museum, Comic Story
Toy Museum, Girl Toys
Toy Museum, News
Toy Museum, Research Work
Toy Museum, Trading Cards
Toy Museum, TV Toys
Toy Museum. Wrestling
Toy Museum; Ethnic Toys
Toy Museum; Robots
Train Travel Argentina
Trivino Hernandez
Uruguay
Video Clips
Villa de Tulumba
Vito Campanella
William Kuitica
Yachts and Motor Yachts
Bob Frassinetti.
Blog Tools
Edit your Blog
Build a Blog
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Art Dealer
The Buenos Aires Art Dealer
The Buenos Aires Toy Museum News Blog
Lonely Planet Guide and Bob Frassinetti
All about Bob Frassinetti Arts and Antique Dealer
Bob Frassinetti on eBay

Toy Museum
The Buenos Aires Toy Museum
Kids en la web.com
Muky, Argentina Hotwheels
Garbage Pail Kids made in Argentina
The Buenos Aires Toy Museum Exhibit
Design Furniture for Art and Toy Exhibit
Juego del Sapo

Collectibles
Collectibles found in Argentina
Art Glass

Food & Wine
Food & Wine
Eating Pizza in Buenos Aires
Food and Wine
Los Morteros Restaurant in Purmararca

The Buenos Aires Art Dealer
San Telmo Barrio

Toy Museum Forum
The Buenos Aires Toy Museum Forum

Food & Wine Photo Gallery
Curry in the Kitchen, Image Gallery
Los Morteros Restaurant in Purmararca
Food and Wine Argentina
Boutique Restaurant. La Florida Colonia Uruguay
Inside La Florida
Argentine food Asado name for Barbeques
See Picture Image Gallery for, Asado
Hesperidina is Argentinas most famous aperitif.
Eating Pizza at Las Cuartetas

Art for Sale Gallery
J Viski oil painting for sale
Leopoldo Torres Aguero oil painting for sale
Religious Painting of South America & Argentina
Image Photo Gallery for Quintanilla, Alberto.
Francisco Adaro, up coming artist mural artist
Monique Rozanes is a brilliant contemporary artist.
Spisso Liberato was a great Argentinean artist
Francisco Adaro, erotic art.
Francisco Adaro
Relegoius Art for sale
Viski Largest World Picture Gallery
Vito Campanella Art Argentina
Leopoldo Torres Aguero and Monique Rozanes
Contemporary Art Argentina
Jose Trivino
Jorge Luis Garay in Dean Funes
Jorge Luis Garay

Insulator Photo Gallery
Glass Insulator Argentina
Porcelain Insulator Argentina
French Insulator only found in Argentina
Silver or Grey Insulators made in Argentina
Insulators out in the Wild
Insulators found along the roads in Argentina

Books Review and for Sale
Book on Lighthouses in Argentina
Book on Steam Train in Argentina
Book on Shipwrecks around Argentina,South Atlantic
Book on Soccer - Football Trading Cards, Argentina
Book on Highway Route 40
Book on Pop Star Diva Susana Gimenez
Book on Buby,diecast toys made in Argentina.
Book on Art Fileteado
Kaiser, Ika Industries Argentina
The legend of Time Travel

Photo Gallery For Art Dealer
Vito Campanella
Leopoldo Torres Aguero and Monique Rozanes
Arte BA 2006 Argentina
Francisco Adaro, up coming artist from Argentina
Francisco Adaro
Francisco Adaro,erotic art.
J Viski,Janos Viski. 1891- 1961 Hungary Photo Gallery
Cloudio Giannini, Argentina
Jorge Luis Garay Dean Funes

Toy Museum Picture Gallery
My Little Pony, Argentina Photo Gallery
Buby Photo Book, Photo Gallery
Strawberry Shortcake, Frutillitas made in Argentina Photo Gallery
Toy Tractors & Farm Toys,Argentina.Photo Gallery
The Giants Attacking You , Los Titanes de Atakan, CD.Photo Gallery
Super Powers, Super Amigos, Argentina.Photo Gallery
Robot's from Argentina. Image Gallery
Batman CollectiblesPhoto Gallery
Buby Die cast, Sample Photo Gallery
Toy Soldier, Lead & Plastic Photo Gallery
Mazinger Z Argentina, Photo Gallery
Duravit Indian Rubber, Photo Gallery
Buby Estanciera IKA Die cast, Photo Gallery
The Incredibles in Argentina Photo Gallery
Estanciera IKA by Buby re painted model
Kaiser Frazer Willy Station Wagon
Gallery of Robot & Space Toys made in Argentina
Kaiser Frazer Carabela Manhattan, made in Argentina
Art and Toy Museum Exhibit Furniture
The Buenos Aires Toy Museum Picture Gallery
Robots and Space Toys made in Argentina
Gallery Nights, BAC and The Buenos AIres Toy Museum

Carnival Glass Photo Gallery
Carnival Glass made in Argentina

Bob Frassinetti Video & Photo Gallery
Bob Frassinetti in the news
Cultura Cero
Profile of a Journalist
Bob's Photo Album
Cheap Hotels
Cheap Hotels World Wide
Documentary, The Masters of the Universe
Video Bob Frassinetti
Bob Frassinetti Photo Album
Bob Frassinetti and Lonely Planet Guide Books
Fire Places and Chimneys
Hanky Panky

Buenos Aires Architecture Video & Photo Gallery
Architecture, Buenos Aires. Argentina
Bridges in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Buenos Aires Buildings and Sights
Pilar Church Recolecta
Recoleta Cemetery Buenos Aires
Recoleta Cemetery Buenos Aires
Palermo Hollywood and Soho, Buenos Aires
Palermo Hollywood Part Two
Down Town Buenos Aires
Down Town buildings, shops , art galleries, hotels and more
Art and Light Lighthouses

Lighthouse & Shipwrecks Video & Photo Gallery
Lighthouse at Medanos Point
Helmets of the Deep Collectibles
Jose Ignacio, near Punta del Este, Uruguay
Walking around Colonia, Urugauy
Buenos Aires to Colonia, Uruguay.
Lighthouse on Martin Garcia Island
Lighthouses Argentina.
East Point Lighthouse Uruguay, Punta del Este.
Perlas Islands Submarine,the true story
Lighthouses in Argentina & Uruguay
Art and Light Lighthouses

Steam Tractor & Old Tractor Photo Gallery
Steam Tractors,found in Argentina
Old Tractor's Made in Argentina
Old Tractors found in Uruguay
Lanz Bulldog and the Pampa Tractor from Argentina
Antique German Tractors from South America
David Brown 50D Found and Sold
British Made Steam Train Crane 1900's
Old Patagonia Express La Trochita Photo Gallery

Trains in Argentina Photo Gallery
The Old Patagonia Express
Trains in Argentina
Train Tours for Argentina

Photo Gallery on Buenos Aires,San Telmo as well as other Flea Markets
San Telmo Flea Market, Image Gallery
Down Town Buenos Aires,Image Gallery
Railway Station Flea Market, Image Gallery
Mercado de las Pulgas Buenos Aires

Collectibles Photo Gallery
Enamel Advertising Signs found in Argentina,Image Gallery.
Vintage Telephone Equipment found in Argentina, Image Gallery
Helmets of the Deep Collectibles
Royal Doulton found in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Glass Candy Containers made in Argentina
Picture Image Gallery for Vintage real photos from Argentina.Old photos
First Day Covers Argentina
Diving Helmet Argentina
Ford Falcon Made in Argentina

The Land of Fire,the End of The World
The Land of Fire: The Wondera. The Story begins.Image Gallery
The Wondera, the strange and enicmatic old man

Vintage & Old Cars
Estanciera IKA, Jeep Willy vesrion made in Argentina
Torino Car designed in Argentina
Siam Di Tella, was a trademark company in Argentina
Fiat 1100 Argentina
Rambler made by Kaiser here in Argentina
Fiat 1500 Berlina made in Argentina
Fiat 1500 Coupe
Argentine Kaiser Carabela, see image of this rare Argentine Kaiser
Vintage Cars from Argentina or Uruguay
Kaiser Funeral Car made in Argentina
Carabela Kaiser IKA Argentina,
Rally Car Project in Argentina
Old Vintage Cars from Argentina and Uruguay
Old Cars and Old Tractors found in Uruguay
Classic Car Show San Telmo
Car Show 2006 Argentina
Club Ford Argentina

Art and Antique Tours for Dealers
Lonely Planet and Bob Frassinetti
Mad Dog Antiques & Maudlin travel to Buenos Aires, Argentina
ArtDealer and Pascal Debusschere from Paris,France.
Bob Frassinetti as your Personal Shopper
Giuseppe Pirone
Dr Jenny Fortune
Diana's Bobo lodge. Bed & Breakfast in San Isidro
Valeria del Mar. Pinamar
Father and Mother Christmas from the USA visiting Argentina

Artdealer Tours
Cultural Tours
Tour 2011 Bob Frassinetti
Fashion & Leasure Tours
Religions Tours
Flying & Airplanes Tours
Lighthouse Tour
Train Tours in Argentina
Royal Road Camino Real
Travel Argentina
Route 40 Tour
Art and Antiques Tour
Antiques Bronze and marble Sculptures
Accommodation for Art & Antique Dealers In Argentina

Real Estate in Argentina
Real Estate in Argentina
Real Estate VillaTulumba Gallery Museum Project
Cheap Hotels
Palermo Hollywood, Real Estate Investment

Highway-Route 40 Tour, Patagonoia & all Argentina
Route 40 Photo Gallery Patagonia & all Argentina
Route 40 Tour Patagonia Argentina Adventure
Route 40 Argentina Blog
Road Side Sanctuaries for Route 40 Argentina
Car Rally Tour for Highway 40 Argentina

Art
Street Art
Art Argentina

Antiques
Antiques Argentina

Chile
Santiago Chile for Art, Design and Antiques
The Big Island of Chiloe Chile and its Churches
Antique German Tractors found in Chile
Photo Travel Information for Patagonia Chiloe Chile
Real Estate for Sale in Chiloe Chile
The Museum of Modern Art in Chiloe Chile
Jose Trivino
Lighthouses in Chile
The Big Island of Chiloe Chile Travel Tips

Uruguay
Art and Antiques in Uruguay
Food and Wine in Uruguay
My travels with Pascal and Michele in Uruguay


Bob Frassinetti on Face Book
Everthing on Arts and Antiques from Argentina
Travel Guide for Art and Antiques in Argentina
The Buenos Aires Toy Museum, Argentina
Route 40 Argentina
Royal Road Camino Real Cordoba


Profile Bob Frassinetti Face Book

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Sunday, 29 November 2009

Topic: Jorge Luis Garay

Jorge Luis Garry, Dean Funes, Cordoba,.......

 

En muchos casos la vida de artista se refleja como decisión o meta en las elecciones propias, pero nunca falta la excepción que complete la regla. Tal es el caso de Jorge Luis Garay, artista plástico argentino, nacido en la localidad de Deán Funes, Córdoba, el 17 de Marzo de 1981.

     De niño, siempre se mantuvo en contacto con el dibujo en forma inconsciente, y como adolescente, ya viviendo en Puerto Deseado, Provincia de Santa Cruz, ciertas inclinaciones artísticas derivaron en lo que muchos docentes, sin conocimiento de causa, denominaron “problemas de conducta”.

     Sin tener conocimiento de la existencia de las escuelas de arte, en el regreso a su provincia de origen y sin haber podido concluir sus estudios secundarios, en el año 1998 comienza su carrera como Maestro en Artes Plásticas.

     La escuela que lo acunó, la Escuela Provincial de Bellas Artes Martín Santiago, influye tanto en su formación profesional como personal al conocer y aquerenciarse de compañeros y profesores que lo conducen a participar en las muestras y encuentros organizados por la escuela.

     En el año 2000 el reconocido escultor José Luis Torres lo convoca en su taller no sólo para el estudio de la escultura y del dibujo, sino también para la colaboración  en la construcción del monumento escultórico “El Cristo” (de 7.5 metros de altura aproximadamente) emplazado en San Pedro Norte. Más tarde, juntos son autores del monumento de “San Martín”, de 3.5 metros de altura, situado en la localidad de Colonia Caroya.

     Sus estudios se complementan con sitio y emplazamiento escultórico, serigrafía aplicada, fotografía y laboratorio en blanco y negro e introducción al arte contemporáneo.

     Desde su inicio en adelante, obtiene la 1ª mención en la Exposición Rural de Jesús María, luego, en otra edición, el 2º premio adquisición. Más tarde participa en “Córdoba- 24 horas de Arte” como expositor, y en su localidad natal obtiene la 2ª mención en el Vº Encuentro Nacional de pintores; Además de ofrecer muestras paisajistas individuales, no olvida sus orígenes en su antigua escuela donde realiza a pedido un busto de Martín Santiago y regresa para cursar el profesorado de Arte en Artes visuales; asimismo participa en Talleres de Plástica en Escuelas Urbano Marginales organizados por la institución. Durante varios años continúa participando asiduamente en encuentros de pintores y escultores del País, tales como los de Tulumba, Unquillo, Puerto Madryn, Chilecito, Merlo, Tanti, entre otros.

     Según palabras de Andrés Cabeza, en noviembre de 2007, “Jorge Garay elige el paisajismo pero con una saludable libertad (...) Su serie principal, continuadora de la tradición impresionista, muestra un colorido rico pero austero, como si no quisiera esconder que la realidad representada –la del norte cordobés- es seca y áspera. (...) Jorge no se quiere alejar demasiado de la realidad. A su entorno lo vive, lo siente y lo representa.”

     Actualmente, podríamos decir que el artista se encuentra en una nueva etapa de producción: deja atrás estos inicios como pintor paisajista e incursiona en el uso de las cajas objeto y de los objetos escultóricos. Uno de sus trabajos culmina en “Cuento en Caja”, una muestra de un fuerte análisis  social cuyo abordaje se complementa con materiales en desuso reciclados y con narrativa, para dar lugar a un homenaje a su madre en vida.

     Su último paso firme e importante en el mundo del arte plástico lo dio el pasado septiembre (2009) al ser seleccionado como expositor con su obra “El Brote” (ensamble en madera) en el 1º Salón de Esculturas organizado por el Patio Olmos en el museo Caraffa; muestra que después del mes de octubre se convertirá en itinerante.

     La corta pero significativa  trayectoria de Jorge Garay nos hace preguntarnos en qué continuará su obra de ahora en adelante y qué nos podrá aportar a la sensibilidad de quienes gustamos de su trabajo; mientras tanto, sabemos que comenzó a experimentar con la fotografía y está abordando la albor de los utilitarios escultóricos.

 

 ...Verdeluna... 

 

 

 

 

Meantime, keep updated on Arts and Antiques here in Buenos Aires, Argentina,....... and my Trevelling adventures around Argentina, Chile and Uruguay...........chat some more soon, Bob Frassinetti  

 

 


Posted by bob frassinetti at 1:57 PM
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Monday, 2 November 2009
Book on Route 40 Argentina
Topic: Route 40 Tour
Route 40,Argentina
Route 40,Argentina. The Magic of Route 40 by Federico B. Kirbus.
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The magic of route 40 Argentina 
This Classified Ad is for one "personal private driver tour guide with travel advice and + vehicle and equipment + meals on the road” and for you to have the right to reserve your seat on this overland travel adventure trip, for one unique tour starting around the first days of December of 2007, this travel adventure, that I’m organizing, a unique travel adventure trip down here in South America for only 3 other travellers apart form my self, the idea is starting out here in Buenos Aires, a cosmopolitan city full of live and exotic sights, we will be visiting unique buildings, lighthouses both in the city and on the Island of Martin Garcia some 40 miles by River …. As well as a day crossing to Colonia in neighbourhood country Uruguay, visiting the old Portuguese town of Colonia, some 300 years old …… After a day or 2 here and around these places we will carry on travelling towards Chile, going via Rosario, Cordoba and then Mendoza, seeing the Pampas, the Andes Mountains visiting Wine Bodegas, wonderful unique sights, searching town by town for Arts and Antiques, for those especially interested in old tractors steam engines we will also be hunting them, likewise for those insulators collectors, and visiting Museum and Art Galleries on all mayor stops, this adventure is not only about “hitting the road, jack” but also looking out to a parts of the world, that are rapidly changing and it might be one of the last times do see and document it before “man and the weather” change it for ever…. See sights and sounds like maybe have been the same for hundreds of years, remote villages, high up in the mountains or across in Chile. So we will be also crossing over to Santiago de Chile, the Pacific Ocean, Valparaiso, and then down south to the Big Island of Chiloe, this mystical and magic island, with hundreds of churches and strange wooded buildings over the sea, lighthouses and many islands to visit, and then back crossing over gain the Andes mountains, back across to Argentina, Via Esquel, Route 40, Ruta 40, seeing and travelling on trains, crossing lakes and bays, on paved and unpaved roads, hunting antique tractors, visiting lighthouses and museum, buying art and antiques and sleeping in small towns and villages some times in top notch boutique hotels other time in down and out places… Bariloche and Puerto Blest, for those by now tired out can catch a flight back to Buenos Aires, then home, or for those willing to spend Christmas and New Year in this part of wild South American and in style can carry on with me …….. Eating and tasting local foods and drinks, as well as wines … the idea is to have a total adventure in places I have already travelled to and others that I’m not familiar with. All this, for an adventure, that could well turn out to be ……… a drive of a life time. We would be travelling in a 4 wheel drive vehicle, 4WD this is a good on and off road vehicle, with all the equipment necessary also for camping out a night or 2 on the road, when its nice to ….. so far the idea is still being worked on, so its subject to some change, all I wanted to check out with this auction is if there are any possible candidates who would be willing to accompany me…… at the same time we would be documenting the trip for deferent purposes… I have worked out some kind of cost for the trip, its based on a daily rate per person, this doesn’t include any extra expenses but only the use of the vehicle and me driving it (included all running costs of the vehicle, me, there the 24 hours helping, couching and providing information on the sights we will see ) and insurance, it would be US $190 per person per day of adventure, minimum days 21, calculated on a base of 3 passengers and if all seats are occupied and sold here at auction, today or in future run up auctions. Great trip for a family of 3, friends, or adventurers who never got the chance to be one…… and why not just for those lovers of art and antiques who want to experience pure fun a dn the sport of hunting down items, village by village town by town ….. All other expenses; from trip down, to Buenos Aires and back home, from food lodging here and on the road and all personal expenses all the way to medical costs if any, all , and each expense for each person, are apart, are to be paid by each of the individuals doing the trip, and you can do this threw your local travel agent or any way you feel fit in doing it. There are some risks involved so its best only to do trip if you are in good health and to let me know of anything before hand. Some information on myself, Lonely Planet has me listed as a “friendly and bohemian art dealer guide” on page 49 of its latest edition of Lonely Planet Guide for the city of Buenos Aires. This guide was written by Sandra Bao, and is just out, by the way, a great in view to our City. I'm also known on Internet online magazines and forums where I publish my insiders’ articles and inputs for travellers & dealers on art to antiques dealers, just Google my name! Or Yahoo! I’m a qualified eBay seller with great feedback! And I have been on line on eBay since 1998. That goes back a long way for Internet users. So if you are interested in Art or Antiques, and you are thinking of travelling to Argentina Chile or Uruguay please feel free to email me…….. Please feel free to contact Bob Frassinetti: For more information: Email: Bob Frassinetti. Press here to see all topics on Art, Antiques and Travel Information for Buenos Aires & Argentina:Everything on Art, Antiques, Collectibles as well as travel information for Buenos Aires, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. Phone me thru Skype, ID: Bob_Frassinetti or you can also chat with me thru Yahoo, press here: Yahoo Contact Find me on MySpace and be my friend! Or Phone: +54 911 4475 3983 or in B's A's: 15 4475 3983 ) Invest in Argentina Real Estate an uprunning opportunity with a Future Read The Buenos Aires Art Dealer a e-zine magazine on Art, Antiques & Collectibles from Argentina. The Buenos Aires ArtDealer, Argentina.

Posted by bob frassinetti at 5:41 PM
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Rally Route 40 Ruta 40
Topic: Route 40 Tour

 Rally Route 40 Ruta 40

 

Entre el 11 y el 23 de abril de 2010 se realizará la primera edición del Desafío Ruta 40, una competencia en la que podrán participar pilotos amateurs (en la especialidad regularidad) y profesionales (que correrán unos 200 kilómetros por etapa de cross country). La carrera cuenta con el apoyo de la Secretaría de Turismo. En este link, más información. También podés escuchar la entrevista a David Eli, mentor del evento.


Posted by bob frassinetti at 5:30 PM
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Water ideas for Villa de Tulumba
Topic: Real Estate Argentina
Response of lake Mar Chiquita in Argentina to climate change: data analysis and application of a lake model  Magali Troin1, Christine Vallet-Coulomb1, Florence Sylvestre1, Eduardo Piovano2  (1) CEREGE UMR6635, CNRS/IRD/UPCAM, Europôle méditerranéen de l’Arbois BP 80 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 4 (2) Centro de Investigaciones Geoquímicas y de Procesos de Superficie (CIGeS), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA – Córdoba, Argentina.  Abstract Lake Mar Chiquita (30°54’S-62°51’W), a closed, shallow, hypersaline-lake in Central Argentina (30°S, 62°W) has recorded hydrological changes for the 20th century in Southern South America (SESA) by sharp variations in its water-level. The lake, located at the lowermost end of an endorheic basin, has a large catchment area (37,570 km2) situated in the western part of the Parana-La Plata basin. It is also a part of the Chaco-Pampean plain, an zone of forests and grasslands that has been extensively cleared for agricultural activities since the end of the nineteenth century. During the hydrological changes that occurred during the 70’s in SESA, the lake has undergone a significant water-level rise. Historical and instrumental data, combined with sediment core studies (sedimentological, isotopic, and diatom analysis) showed that Mar Chiquita is an ideal site for recording  high- and low-frequency changes in hydrological budget. Therefore, this lake can be considered as a regional and temporal integrator of its catchment water balance. A detailed hydrological study was initiated through a modelling approach in order to determine lake level variations in response to climate changes. In this paper, we present preliminary results, based on hydroclimatic records (precipitation and river discharge data) covering the last quarter century.. The lake water balance model is used to determine the lake hydrological behaviour and to quantify its water balance. From available hydroclimatic data, an important overestimation of the simulated lake level was evidenced. We discuss the possible processes involved in this discrepancy.                 Key words: Argentina, climate change, saline lake, water balance 1. Introduction In SESA (Southern South America), important hydrological variations have been observed during the last century (Georgi, 2002). Dry intervals characterized the first 75 years of the 20th century while a significant increase in precipitation has occured after 1970s. The Lake Mar Chiquita, a closed, shallow, hypersaline-lake in Central Argentina (30°S, 62°W, Fig. 1), responds to these climatic fluctuations through lake level and salinity variations. For example, during the 1923-73 period, the lake has tended to dry out which has induced a dramatic salinity increase. But since 1973-74, the situation was reversed. Now, the lake lies at its maximum extension, being not only the largest saline lake in South America (≈ 6000km²) but also one of the world’s largest saline lake.The high sensitivity of Lake Mar Chiquita to climatic fluctuations is illustrated by various authors (Reati, G.J. et al., 1997, Martinez D.E. 1995, Pasquini A. et al., 2006), and makes it a very attractive site to study the hydrological response to climate change (Piovano et al., 2002, 2004a, 2004b). A detailed hydrological study of the lake-catchment system has been initiated in order to analyse the response of lake level and salinity to climate changes through a modelling approach. The objectives of this work are (1) to provide a quantified climatic interpretation of lake variations reconstructed for the last centuries and (2) to help understanding the magnitude and mechanisms of the past changes. In this paper, we present the preliminary results of this study, based on hydroclimatic records from the last quarter century. These data are from different stations and localized in the catchment area of Lake Mar Chiquita. A lake water balance model is used to simulate the lake level in response to precipitation and river discharge data over the 1975-1995 period. In this study, the modelling approach is used to help understanding the lake water balance and hydrological behaviour.     2. Site and climate description The lake Mar Chiquita (30°54’S-62°51’W) is located at the lowermost end of an endorheic basin. It has a large catchment area located in the west of the Parana-La Plata basin covering 37,570 km2 from 26°S to 32°S and 62° to 66°W (Fig. 1). It is part of the Chaco-Pampean plain, an extensive area of forests and grassland that has been extensively modified by deforestation for agricultural activities since the end of the nineteenth century. Approximately 200 km north-west of Mar Chiquita lie the Salinas de Ambargasta, an extensive area of salt pans.  Figure 1: Map of the study area showing the location of rainfall (filled red circles) and discharge gauging (filled blue rectangles) stations. The names of the stations (indicated by numbers) are listed in Table 1  In the Mar Chiquita catchment, summers are hot and wet, whereas winters are cold and dry. Humid winds derive from the anticyclone of the South Atlantic Ocean and precipitation decreases from east to west. Dominant winds blow from the south-west and north-east. Average annual temperature is 18-19°C.The monthly average temperature is maintained above 20°C over 5 months (November to March), with a maximum value of 25°C during January). This warm season also corresponds to the highest monthly rainfall: monthly average exceeds 100 mm and totals 600 mm for these 5 months (66-75% of the annual total) (Capitanelli, 1979). This terminal lake is fed by three major rivers (Fig. 1). The rivers drain part of the Gran Chaco (Río Dulce basin to the North) and Sierras Pampeanas regions (Ríos Primero and Segundo basins to the South). The Río Dulce alone has an average annual discharge of 3000 106 m3; whereas Ríos Primero and Segundo have a combined annual discharge of 725 106 m3. The rivers partially infiltrate the soil and recharge groundwater before reaching the lake basin. However, the importance of groundwater inputs to Mar Chiquita has never be clearly estimated (Martinez, 1995). The system has no surficial outlet and water is loss through evaporation only, which is additionally favoured by the pan-like shape of the lake. Limnological studies in this area began as early as the end of the nineteenth century, which is relatively unusual in this area of South America. Historical and instrumental data show that the lake surface was reduced to ~1,000 km2 during dry periods whereas it covered an area of up to 6,000 km2 during intervals with a positive hydrological balance. During highstands, maximum length and width may reach 120 km and 80 km, respectively, while the maximum water depth is ~10 m. At present, the lake is at its maximum extension making it not only the largest saline lake in South America but also one of the largest in the world. The recent (1968-2001) instrumental record of lake levels from Mar Chiquita shows a clear increase since 1973 (Fig. 2). This increase is associated with important extension of the lake surface (Fig. 3) and has had disastrous effects on the lakeside town of Miramar, which lost a significant portion of its urbanized area due to permanent flooding. During the 1977-1985 period the number of inhabitants in Miramar, the only village settled on the lake side, fell from 6000 to 1600. Although the hydrological change started in 1973, it was only after 1977 that the lake extension went beyond the historical record producing drastic consequences on the tourism-based local economy.  Figure 2. Available water level records for Lake Mar Chiquita  Figure 3: Satellite images of the lake surface variations encountered since the 1970’s in association with lake level variations.  
3. Analysis of available hydrometeorological data 3.1. Data Monthly total rainfall and monthly mean river discharge records used in this study were obtained from different sources. Table 1 lists rainfall and gauging stations, and includes information on locations and length of the records. Argentina’s Subsecretaría de Recursos Hídricos (http://www.obraspublicas.gov.ar/) supplied all rivers discharge records. The Dirrección Provincial de Agua y Saneamiento (DIPAS) in Argentina’s Córdoba Province and the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (http://www.inta.gov.ar/) supplied most of the rainfall data. The annual rainfall from our 6 stations varies from 546 mm/year to 926 mm/year (Table 1). Important seasonal variations are observed in precipitation and river discharge (Fig. 4), the highest precipitation rates occur in December-January, while the maximum river discharge occurs in February-March.   
 StationCatchment locationVariableRecord periodLatitude (S)Longitude (W)Catchment area (km²)Annual valueMissing data (%)
RIDique San Roque SouthDischarge (Rio Primero)1926-199827°39'64°21'1350126 m3/s(242 mm)21
RIISanta Ana SouthDischarge (Rio Segundo)1926-200431°40'64°34'465 77 m3/s(428 mm)0.5
RIIILos Quiroga NorthDischarge (Rio Dulce)1975-199727°39'64°21'20200 1339 m3/s(172 mm)0
1Manfredi SouthRainfall1931-200731°49'63°46' 757mm0
2Quebrada SouthRainfall1974-200331°11’64°20’ 926mm0
3Villa Ojo de Agua NorthRainfall1948-199529°30'63°41' 628mm33
4Pinto NorthRainfall1948-199631°22'64°27' 715mm2
5Villa Union NorthRainfall1974-199629°25’62°47’ 692mm0
6Sumampa NorthRainfall1948-199529°23’63°28’ 546mm5
 Table 1: Name, location and record periods of available precipitation and river discharge data  Fig 4: Monthly data of precipitation (average from stations 1 to 6) and River discharge of Rio Primero (RI) Rio Segundo (RII) and Rio Dulce (RIII) (specific discharge in mm/month).  
3.2. Trends analysis The cumulative sum technique is a valuable tool to detect intermediate-terms changes in the mean value of a sequence of regularly spaced observations (Crapper et al., 1996). We use cumulative anomalies si of a variable xi as defined by:                                                                                            Eq. (1) Applied to time series analysis, si provides a normalised distribution and reveals runs of observations greater than the longterm average with a positive slope and those lower than the long-term average with a negative slope. Note that in such a graph, the slope is informative but not the absolute ordinate values. Calculation of cumulative anomalies needs a complete time series. Our longest precipitation time series (Manfredi station) illustrates the main trends over the period 1931-2007 (Fig. 5). The humid periods (positives slopes, underlined in grey) appears more frequent during the second half of the time series (after 1976), while drought periods are particularly important between 1941 and 1956, and between 1962 and 1973. In this preliminary study, we focus on the 1975-1995 period, when the whole set of data is complete. The globally positive slope observed for this period in Fig. 5 suggests particularly humid conditions.   Figure 5: Cumulative rainfall anomalies of station 1 (Manfredi Station) over the 1931-2007 period. The grey areas represent the humid periods (increasing slope). The arrow indicates the period for which the lake model is applied.  4. Lake water balance model  4.1. Basic equations and method The dynamic lake water balance equation is given by:                                                                              Eq. (2) Where, for the time step ∆t (one month in this study), ∆V is the lake volume variation; A is the lake area (m²), as a function of lake volume V; P is the precipitation (m) above the lake; E the evaporation (m) from the lake surface; Qi, Gi the surface and groundwater inputs (m3) respectively. There are no outputs from Lake Mar Chiquita except evaporation. The corresponding lake level is then estimated as a lake volume function: h = f(V), following the morphometric relationship (Fig. 6) established from the lake bathymetry (Hillman 2003). Note that strong variations of the lake surface are associated with the lake level changes, because of the pan-like shape of Lake Mar Chiquita. The lake water balance models were developed under Matlab (The Mathworks) programming environment.  Figure 6: Relationships between altitude of water level, area and volume (from Hillman 2003)  Qi corresponds to the sum of discharge of the three main rivers: Rio Primero (RI), Rio Segundo (RII) and Rio Dulce (RIII). The precipitation is estimated from the average between available rainfall stations around the lake (stations 1 to 6). Evaporation from the lake surface is calculated by the CRLE model (Morton, 1983b; DosReis and Dias, 1998). This approach is based on the postulate of a complementary relationship between actual and potential evapotranspiration. This model can be considered as a simplified application of the Bouchet’s theory (1963) for monthly estimates of lake evaporation. The advantage of using this model is that it only requires monthly data of air temperature, humidity and solar radiation. The model calculates an ‘equilibrum temperature’ by solving vapor transfer and energy balance equations simultaneously in conditions of potential evapotranspiration. This equilibrum temperature is then used in the Priestley-Taylor equation, (Morton, 1983b; DosReis and Dias, 1998). The explicit influence of wind speed in the term of Penman equation is replaced by an empirical coefficient, which does not require any site-specific calibration. The model has been applied previously for different lakes with an accuracy superior at 10% in the evaporation estimates (Morton, 1983b; DosReis and Dias, 1998; Vallet-Coulomb et al., 2001). The application of the CRLE model at Lake Mar Chiquita provides an annual evaporation rate of 1145 mm.  The lake model is firstly applied with available data of P, Q, and calculated data of evaporation. Then, an adjusment parameter γ is estimated with a “trial and error” process (Fig. 7), based on the comparison between measured (H) and simulated (h) values of lake level, following the Nash criteria r²:                 with            and                            Eq. (3)   Figure 7: Scheme of the lake model approach  4.2. Results and discussion The lake model is applied over the 1975-1995 period, for which our time series are complete. Applied with available hydroclimatic data, the model overestimates the lake level for most of the simulation period (Fig. 8) (Note that since the year 1982, the simulated lake level becomes higher than the measured values used for establishing the lake morphometry (Fig. 6), and the application of the spline function used for h = f(V) becomes irrelevant). In order to estimate the order of magnitude of the discrepancy, we introduce a constant value of γ. The optimisation process (trail and error) provides a value of γ = 1.25 108 m3/month with r² = 0.9143 (Fig. 9). Relative to the average lake water surface (≈ 6000 km²), this value corresponds to 250 mm/year.    Figure 8: Simulation results on the 1975-1995 period without adjustement parameter  

1

 
Figure 9:  Simulation results on the 1975-1995 period with the constant parameter γ = 1.25 108 m3/mois (r² = 0.9143) Despite the high value of r², we can observe that the model overestimates the lake level for some periods (e.g. 1988-1993), while during others periods (e.g. 1979-1983), the lake level is underestimated. It would be necessary to introduce a time variation of γ to improve the simulation. However, before going further, we have to discuss the possible origin of the lake water balance overestimation by 250 mm/year.  Uncertainty in the lake evaporation rate The accuracy of the lake level simulation greatly depends on the validity of evaporation estimates, since it is the only loss of water from the lake. However, a precise quantification of evaporation is difficult, especially when detailed climatic data above the lake surface is lacking. For comparison, potential evaporation calculated by the FAO Penman method, from three meteorological stations located in the northern Mar Chiquita catchment indicates about 1277 mm/year (Shipper 2005), which is 12% higher than the 1145 mm/year estimates from our CRLE approach. An 8% underestimation of evaporation from the CRLE model was observed in a detailed study from a Brazilian lake (DosReis and Dias, 1998). We could assume that the CRLE model would tend to underestimate the evaporation rate. However, the value of γ (250 mm/year) would correspond to a 22% underestimate. Thus, even if a better estimate of the lake evaporation rate would be necessary, we do not believe that it would resolve the actual discrepancy between simulated and measured lake levels. Moreover, we did not take into account the effect of the water salinity on the evaporation rate. During the studied period, the lake salinity has varied from 79 g/l in 1977 to 28 g/l in 1986 (Martinez, 1995). Because the evaporation rate is lower for saline water than for freshwater (Oroud, 1998), this would tend to reduce the calculated evaporation rate and to increase the lake level overestimation.  Uncertainty in river flow estimates; influence of the northern wetlands (Los Bañados)The river discharge stations are situed between 160 and 366 km from the lake shore (Fig. 1). A water loss in the catchment area located between the gauging stations and the lake shore could also explain the lake level overestimation. Infiltration of river water may be involved, but the phreatic aquifer lying in the lake area probably feed the lake and this process should not induce a water loss for the lake, except in case of important groundwater pumping. This point has to be checked, even if it seems that irrigation is not widespread in this cultivated area. Evaporation of surface water between the gauging stations and the lake is another process that could explain a water loss. This process may be important especially in the northern wetlands (Los Bañados) an area with a particular hydrological behaviour, located in the Dulce River delta (Fig. 10). Satellite images have shown that the flooded area in this zone is large and varies within an important range (Pagot 2003). Evaporation from these wetlands, which is not taken into account in our simulation, may thus affect the lake water balance. In order to introduce this influence in the lake model, we have to understand the factors which control the variation of flooded surfaces, and the hydraulic relations between the wetlands and the lake.  Uncertainty in the morphometric relationships. As a very flat lake, important variations of the water surface are associated to the lake level variations (Fig. 3). In particular, abrupt water invasion may occur in some parts of the lake shore during the lake level rising, influencing the S = f(h) function. The “Laguna del Plata”, a small lake (“satellite lake”) located southern to Lake Mar Chiquita (Fig. 10) provides an example of this phenomenon. During the beginning of the modelling period, the Laguna del Plata was a small lake overflowing towards Mar Chiquita through a small river channel. After the lake level rising, it has been completely connected to Lake Mar Chiquita, and is now completely included in the lake water body. Such phenomena should be taken into account in the morphometric relation used in the lake model.    Figure 10: Satellite image of Lake Mar Chiquita, showing the Northern wetlands (Los Bañados) and the small “satellite lake” Laguna del Plata  5. Conclusions In SESA, available precipitation records indicate that rainfall has increased significantly during the second half of the 20th century, particularly since the middle 1970’s (Piovano et al. 2002; 2004a, 2004b). These recent changes in precipitation regimes have greatly influenced the hydrological cycle (Barros, 2004), and the present-day positive hydrological balance has produced important social and economic consequences. Lake Mar Chiquita is a good recorder of climatic changes in its catchment. As for other closed saline lakes (e.g. Vallet-Coulomb et al. 2006), an hydrological modelling approach will allow a quantitative interpretation of the past hydrological changes reconstructed from lake sediments, and the assessment of the lake sensitivity to climate change. In order to estimate its water balance and to analyse the hydrological processes which control its fluctuations, we have applied a lake water balance model at a monthly time-step. We were not able to simulate the lake level from available hydro-climatic data. An adjustment coefficient was used, and showed that the lake water balance is overestimated by 250 mm/year. In addition to a possible error in the evaporation estimate, and to uncertainties in the morphometric relationships, we suggest that this may be attributed to a water loss in the catchment area located between the gauging stations and the lake shore. A possible mechanism involved in this water loss is the evaporation of surface water, especially in the northern wetlands. Further study is necessary to understand the factors which control the variations of flooded surfaces, and the hydraulic relations between the wetlands and the lake.    References Barros, V., 2004. Tendencias climaticas en la Argentina: precipitacion. Proyecto Agenda Ambiental regional Mejora de la Gobernabilidad para el Desarrollo Sustentable PNUD Arg./03/001. Fundacion torcuato di tella y secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable. Capitanelli, R.G., 1979.Clima. In: Vásquez, J.B., Miatello, R.A., Roqué, M.E. (Eds), Geografia Física de Córdoba, vol. 3. Boldt, Córdoba, Argentina, pp. 45-138. Crapper P. F., Fleming P. M., Kalma J. D., 1996. Prediction of lake levels using water balance models.Environmental Software, 11(4), 251-258. DosReis, R. J.,  Dias, N. L., 1998. Multi-season lake evaporation: energy-budget estimates and CRLEmodel assessment with limited meteorological observations. Journal of. Hydrology., 208, 135-147. Genta, J., Perez-Iribarren, G., Mechosos, C. 1998. A recent increasing trend in streamflow of rivers in southeastern. South America. J. Climate 11, 2858–2862.  Giorgi, F., 2002. Variability and trends of sub-continental scale surface climate in the twentieth century. Part I:observations. Climate Dynamics 18, 675-691 Hillman, G., 2003. Analysis y simulacion hidrologica del sistema de Mar Chiquita. Thesis, Universitad el Córdoba, Argentin, 160. No  publieshed. Martinez, D.E., 1995. Changes in the ionic composition of a saline lake, Mar Chiquita, Province de Córdoba, Argentina. International Journal of Salt  Lake Research 4: 25-44. Morton, F.I., 1983b. Operational estimates of lake evaporation. Journal of Hydrology 66, 77-100. Oroud, I.M., 1998. The influence of heat conduction on evaporation from sunken pans in hot, dry environnement. Journal of Hydrology 210, 1-10. Pagot, M. R., 2003. Analysis y simulacion hidrologica del sistema Banados del Rio Dulce. Thesis. Universtad el Córdoba, Argentina, 192. No published. Pasquini, A.I., Lecomte, K.L., Piovanno, E.L., Depetris, P.J., 2006. Recent rainfall and runoff variability in central Argentina. Quaternary International, doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.05.021. Piovano, E.L., Damatto Moreira, S., Ariztegui, D., 2002. Recent environmental changes in Laguna Mar Chiquita (central Argentina): a sedimentary model for a highlty variable saline lake. Sedimentology 49, 1371-1384. Piovano, E.L., Ariztegui, D.,Bernasconi, S.M., Mckenzie, J.A., 2004a. The isotopical record of hydrological changes in subtropical South America over the last 230 years. The holocene 14 (4), 525-535. Piovano, E.L., Larizatti, F.E., Favaro, D., Oliveira, S.M., Damatto, S.R., Mazzilli, B., Ariztegui, D., 2004b. Geochemical response of a closed-lake basin to 20th century recurring droughts/wet intervals in the subtropical Pampean plains of South America. Journal of Limnology 63 (1), 21-32. Reati, G.J., Florín, M., Fernández, G.J., Montes, C., 1997. The Laguna de Mar Chiquita (Córdoba, Argentina): a little know, secularly fluctuating, saline lake.International Journal of Salt Lake Research 5: 187-219. Shipper, P.A., 2005. Water resources of Rio Dulce in Santiago del Estero, determination of the actual evapotranspiration on a regional scale for a closed watershed in Argentina. University of Technology, Delft, 192. Vallet-Coulomb, C., Dagnachew, L., Gasse, F., Travi, Y., Chernet, T., 2001. Lake evaporation estimates in tropical Africa. Journal of Hydrology 245, 1-18.  Vallet-Coulomb C., Gasse F., Robison L., Ferry L., Van Campo E., Chalié F., 2006 Hydrological modeling of the tropical closed Lake Ihotry (SW Madagascar): sensitivity analysis and implications for paleohydrological reconstructions over the past 4000 years. Journal of Hydrology, 331, p. 257-271    

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Friday, 23 October 2009
The Villa of the Valley of Tulumba
Topic: Villa de Tulumba
.................. anyway, back here in South America, good news, I have found a place to locate my real estate investment, it’s a tiny village lost in time and in a valley,………… the name of the Village is the Villa of the Valley of Tulumba,…..  With the help of a University the town hall mayor has drawn up a developing map of the village, know the old building have been renovated, the streets paved with stones, we have a an unique scenario for investments,….. plots of land in and around the village start form USD$10,000 for some 1500 square meters,…………..  Historic buildings in the Village from USD $50,000. Ready for renovation into anything tourist related ideas that you might have,……… a short 5 minutes drive from the village a Estancia building is been changed into a 4 unique bedroom boutique lodging,……….. and the story goes on, last October during the annual local saints day some 20,000 people passed and celebrated that weekend in the Village, with unique kind of celebrations and shows, all well worth seeing and participating,……. The story goes on,……..

Posted by bob frassinetti at 11:51 AM
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